Creating commons by friendly appropriation

• Graham Greenleaf

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01 November 2006Graham Greenleaf argues that the operation of internet-wide search engines constitutes the creation of an intellectual commons. The history and features of the Google search engine are the principal example. They illustrate what is probably a very unusual method by which commons are created, which Greenleaf calls 'friendly appropriation.' He identifies eight conditions which are conducive to the creation of commons by friendly appropriation. Some examples are given of other situations which may constitute friendly appropriation, and of some which do not. Instances of commons arising by this means may be rare, but a fully-developed theory of intellectual commons needs to recognise when they occur.