A pressing need exists for more and better investment in alcohol, tobacco and other drug (hereafter AOD) treatment services in Australia. As discussed further in this document, fewer than half the people who need, would use and would benefit from AOD treatment are able to access it. The key barrier to meeting the community’s needs for treatment services is insufficient investment in specialist AOD treatment services and in the specialist AOD treatment workforce. This applies to the Australian community as a whole, as well as to individual population groups experiencing elevated levels of AOD-related harms.