This study, conducted from March to November 2021, examines prior examples of state-sponsored cyber espionage to see what forms of response the U.S. government considered, what actions it took, and whether those actions changed adversary behaviour or affected other actors’ behaviour.

The authors of this paper propose that the Australian Defence organisation should enact a wider set of supporting measures—particularly in data and reporting to track professional development—that’s more likely to create more sustainable success that delivers organisational improvements and outcomes for Indigenous staff recruitment and retention.

A safe and secure Indo-Pacific maritime domain is vital to the UK, Australia and Southeast Asian states for their national prosperity. This report recommends UK–Australia–ASEAN cooperation to elevate and further explore the cyber–maritime security nexus.

ASPI’s International Cyber Policy Centre has launched the Understanding Global Disinformation and Information Operations website, alongside this companion paper. The site provides a visual breakdown of the publicly-available data from state-linked information operations on social media.

The divergence of the Western and Chinese technospheres is a critical driver of cybersecurity concerns requiring the attention of both governments and the private sector around the world. This report provides a set of recommendations for action to mitigate the growing cybersecurity risks posed by technology decoupling.