This paper looks at the evidence as to the role online hate plays in spreading racist thinking and actions offline, including hate and terror crimes. It explores the evidence for whether harmful action online has increased both harmful ideas and actual harm against minority ethnic and racial groups.

This paper discusses what New Zealand can do in regard to regulating and moderating offensive content on social media.

The media’s dependence on social media, analytics and metrics, sensationalism, novelty over newsworthiness, and clickbait makes them vulnerable to manipulation. Media manipulation may contribute to decreased trust of mainstream media, increased misinformation, and further radicalization.

Ethnic Communities' Council of Victoria finds that residents, in particular Australian Muslim mothers and daughters, are distressed by high levels of discrimination from local residents in the streets where they live, in parks and shopping centres and on roads with vehicles. At the same time negative attitudes from local residents towards women and their children...