There are many terms used to describe false, biased or misleading information that is shared for manipulative, ideological or strategic purposes. This simple, standalone guide provides definitions and examples for some of the most frequently used terms.

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is leveraging its propaganda system to build a toolkit to enable information campaigns. Its objective is to control communication and shape narratives and perceptions about China in order to present a specific version of truth and reality, both domestically and internationally. This report finds that the CCP seeks to harvest...

The CCP’s growing use of foreign influencers reinforces China’s internal and external narratives in ways that make it increasingly difficult for social-media platforms, foreign governments and individuals to distinguish between genuine and/or factual content and propaganda. This report makes key recommendations for media and social-media platforms, governments and civil society aimed at building awareness and...

This report offers one of the most comprehensive analyses to date of Chinese political warfare activities and examines China’s main actions, primary goals, and options for the United States and its partners.

This report provides the first public empirical review of the Chinese Communist Party’s clandestine online networks on social media platforms. The authors outline a number of key policy recommendations for governments and social-media platforms.