This second national report on the health and wellbeing of young people provides comprehensive information on the health status of young people including causes of hospitalisations and deaths, chronic diseases, infectious diseases, injury, disability, reproductive and sexual health. The behavioural risk and protective factors influencing young people's health and wellbeing that are covered in this report include substance use, diet and nutrition, physical activity and overweight and obesity. The report includes information on the family environment, relationships and social participation, education, employment and income. An overview of the health and welfare of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people is also presented.