This report features nine case studies that demonstrate the essential role of Aboriginal and Torres Islander led decision-making and self-determination and need for reflection and accountability from governments and mainstream services.

The 2021 'Close the Gap' report showcases the leadership of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, communities and organisations throughout critical health crises in 2020, and how strengths-based approaches are the most effective way to improve health outcomes for Australia’s First Peoples.

To address the widening life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and non-Indigenous Australians, this report identifies three priority areas that must be addressed.

Ten-years after its commencement, it is time to critically reflect on why Australian governments have not yet succeeded in closing the health gap to date, and why they will not succeed by 2030 if the current course continues.

Executive summary