Liberal democracy is under threat from tech platforms, identity politics and hostile foreign powers, such as China or Russia. This paper argues that Western liberal democracies lack resilience - across the West, economic models are in disarray, while social models engender cultural fragmentation, and politics is breeding social polarisation.

This paper explores the ‘politics of productivity' by focusing on the political institutions, the system of governance, and the policies that have shaped the UK’s poor productivity performance.