Though artificial intelligence is quickly becoming a greater part of our everyday lives, this discussion paper provides a timely opportunity to revisit what makes any system — be it an artificial or a natural one — intelligent in the first place.

Developing creative and critical thinking is a major priority of educators and policy-makers. This paper provides an overview of human cognitive architecture as relevant to how students learn and demonstrate creativity and critical thinking. In doing so, it highlights that general creativity and critical thinking is not something that can be taught.