This paper assesses the two technologies leading the decarbonisation of Australia's bus fleet, finding that battery-electric buses are significantly more cost-effective and offer greater emissions reductions than hydrogen fuel-cell electric buses, particularly when powered by renewable energy.

As Australia’s cities continue to grow, policies that incentivise more people to walk, cycle, and ride electric devices could help reduce congestion. However, less than 1% of federal road funding is spent on active transportation. This paper argues that unless funding is increased, Australia will continue to lack the infrastructure needed to reduce car dependency.

The Australian Government is budgeting for green hydrogen production of around 500,000 tonnes per year into the 2040s. Given the first users of green hydrogen will be existing industrial users of fossil hydrogen, this leaves no hydrogen for export from Australia. This briefing note formed part of the Australia Institute’s submission to the Hydrogen Production...