With around 50,000 ships at sea or in port at any one time, the maritime transport industry is highly exposed to cyberattacks. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) reacted quickly in introducing guidelines in response to terrorist attacks on shipping, but has arguably been slower in formulating appropriate cybersecurity regulations.

This inquiry examined import-export supply chains, inter/intra state supply chains, urban supply chains and supply chain integration, which included resource and agricultural freight and regional and remote freight.

Dr Michael McCarthy was engaged by the Federal Agriculture and Water Resources Minister to advise on conditions and/or actions that would be required to assure health and welfare outcomes for sheep being transported to the Middle East during the northern hemisphere summer. The review was conducted in accordance with the terms of reference.

This report provides an updated baseline scenario for the development of emissions to 2035 and gives an overview of measures that can effectively reduce shipping emissions.

This report recommends that the Australian government undertake a comprehensive, whole-of-government review into the potential economic, security and environmental risks presented by flag of convenience vessels and foreign crews.