Muslim socials were being made up to the 1990s. Nowadays, films in which the major characters are Muslim and/or speak Urdu get made only within certain contexts – to make ‘serious', socio-political films.

While some developing countries have begun researching male-to-male sexual activities and interests, many gaps exist in the understanding of sexual networking within MSM populations, and between MSM populations and wider populations.

This paper discusses the significant improvements in bilateral relations that have gone relatively unnoticed and concludes with a discussion of the implications of this enhanced relationship for the region including Australia.