There are differences between, and among, people in ethnic communities. Judith Miralles seeks to provide a more nuanced snapshot of vocational education and training (VET) participation and completion rates among Arabic, Bosnian, Cantonese, Spanish, Turkish, and Vietnamese communities. She also investigates the effectiveness of English as a second language programs as a pathway to training.

In general, the study finds a low awareness of VET and widespread dissatisfaction with English as second language programs. Overall, the participants of this study favour programs which provide clear pathways to employment, offer language support, acknowledge existing vocational skills, and include work experience in their training. The critical role of teachers was also emphasised by participants, particularly teachers sensitive to cultural issues such as language and values, and who constructively use cultural diversity in training programs.