States have long interfered in the domestic politics of other states. Foreign election interference is nothing new, nor are misinformation campaigns. The new feature of the 2016 election was the role of technology in personalising and then amplifying the information to maximise the impact. As a 2019 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report concluded, malicious actors will continue to weaponise information and develop increasingly sophisticated tools for personalising, targeting, and scaling up the content.

This report focuses on those tools. It outlines the logic of digital personalisation, which uses big data to analyse individual interests to determine the types of messages most likely to resonate with particular demographics. The report speaks to the role of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neural networks in creating tools that distinguish quickly between objects, for example a stop sign versus a kite, or in a battlefield context, a combatant versus a civilian. Those same technologies can also operate in the service of misinformation through text prediction tools that receive user inputs and produce new text that is as credible as the original text itself. The report addresses potential policy solutions that can counter digital personalisation, closing with a discussion of regulatory or normative tools that are less likely to be effective in countering the adverse effects of digital technology.