In recent decades the range and patterns of opioids used for extra-medical purposes have changed. The use of pharmaceutical opioids exceeds the use of heroin. The objective of this report was to estimate the social costs arising from extra-medical opioid use in Australia for the financial year 2015/16.

The tobacco epidemic, although past its peak in Australia in terms of the prevalence of smoking, still extracts a considerable toll on the health and economic welfare of Australians. The purpose of this study was to update the estimated social costs of tobacco use in Australia.