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European Union

Briefing paper

Indo-Pacific infrastructure development financing: an agenda for Australia and Europe


The Australian government and European Union are looking to improve the complementarity and coordination of their infrastructure financing efforts, especially in the strategically important Indo-Pacific region. This paper makes several suggestions for how this group of like-minded partners can lift their infrastructure financing contribution.
Discussion paper

Enforcement concepts and styles: a review of the international academic literature


This research paper reviews the rich literature on regulatory enforcement, discusses the status quo in research and practice, and highlights the challenges of different approaches, illustrated with examples from the enforcement of European Union (EU) law and regulation.
Report

The lobbying ghost in the machine


This report identifies the lobby attempts of large United States tech corporations to influence the European Union’s regulation of artificial intelligence. It finds that 'big tech' has pushed all its levers to water down the regulation.
Case study

Mitigating global fragmentation in digital trade governance: a case study


Digital trade is growing rapidly, and regulators are trying to keep up. This paper looks at how five leading digital economies are using regional trade agreements to address regulatory concerns at the same time as enhancing trade.
Policy report

An assessment of Europe’s options for addressing the crisis in energy markets


Just like Australia, Europe’s energy markets are in crisis. Wholesale prices for electricity and gas have risen dramatically since early 2021. The authors of this paper examine the causes of the current very high wholesale prices, high producer rents and price volatility. They also outline some principles and measures to guide measures to reduce prices...
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