This is a comprehensive review on the wellbeing needs of First Nations Australian children in Out-of-home care (OOHC) and the aspects of care that support them. It is aimed at understanding and addressing the wellbeing needs of First Nations Australian people and Indigenous peoples internationally, grounded in their perspectives and based on their priorities. It supports ongoing efforts to improve OOHC for First Nations children and helps clarify elements that promote their wellbeing based on their experiences in care and the perspectives of those involved in the provision of care.

While the onus for improving the quality of OOHC rests with individual care providers, the central roles that care organisations and appropriate policy play in outlining the standards and expectations of culturally safe care should not be underestimated. It will take a coordinated and committed effort to ensure that the wellbeing needs of First Nations children in OOHC are acknowledged and addressed in ways that meet their basic needs and provide them with opportunities to maintain important social and cultural connections. This includes attention to life skills, social skills, and cultural skills and knowledge that will, in turn, equip them to navigate life after OOHC.

Care systems must be reoriented to better acknowledge the wellbeing needs of First Nations children and increase their adherence to principles and practices identified as supporting the cultural identity of First Nations children in OOHC. The care and support of First Nations Australian children must remain a key focus of OOHC services, informed by those directly impacted and involved.