Learning depends fundamentally on how students process and retain information. Knowledge refers to the facts, concepts and procedures that students acquire through experience and education – their theoretical and practical understanding of subjects. That knowledge is stored in long-term memory so that it can be retrieved for later use.

This explainer explores the critical processes through which students acquire, store and utilise knowledge to develop understanding. Knowing the function of memory systems and the process of acquiring knowledge helps explain how learning is retained over time and supports students’ ability to build on what they know.

Teachers and school leaders can use this explainer to deepen their understanding of the cognitive science of how students learn and consider implications for practice.