Retention and recall are fundamental to successful learning outcomes. Knowledge needs to be retained so that it can be used. Retention is the ability to store information in memory over time, while recall is the ability to retrieve and use stored information when needed. When students effectively retain and recall information, they can easily access and apply it to build on existing knowledge and develop deeper understanding.

This explainer outlines how memory systems support learning and the conditions that optimise retention and recall, recognising the diverse ways students engage with and process information. A related explainer outlines how managing cognitive load optimises learning.

This explainer is one in a series of four (see related information below) that describe the cognitive science evidence of how students learn. Teachers and school leaders can use these explainers to deepen their understanding of the cognitive science of how students learn and consider implications for practice.