This paper is a summary of the discussion at a roundtable on gender and the brain held on 4 August 2004 at City West Campus of the University of South Australia, Adelaide, presented by Adelaide Thinkers in Residence and the Office for Women, South Australia. The guest of honour at the roundtable was Baroness Professor Susan Greenfield, neuroscientist and Senior Research Fellow at Lincoln College, Oxford University and the then Thinker in Residence with the South Australian Department of Premier and Cabinet.