This study by Dr. Lyndal Thorburn, Dr. John Langdale and Prof. John Houghton aimed to provide an evaluation of the contributions made by foreign multinationals (foreign MNCs) to the Australian economy. Foreign MNCs include firms that integrate research, production and distribution across at least two countries but are headquartered outside Australia, as well as "multi-domestic firms" where the Australian subsidiary is simply a sales/marketing outlet controlled by head office.