This briefing note uses data on market prices, production and revenue from Adani’s Carmichael Coal Mine, to estimate the discrepancy between the royalties paid by Adani and the royalties that might have been expected by the Queensland Revenue Office. It finds that Adani appear to have underpaid coal royalties by almost $400 million.

The Statewide Treaty Bill 2025 introduced in Victoria will give effect to the first treaty in Australia between First Peoples and a government if it passes both Houses of Parliament. This brief provides an overview of the Bill and the process leading up to its introduction. It covers insights into the key pillars of Treaty.

The Telecommunications Legislation Amendment (Triple Zero Custodian and Emergency Calling Powers) Bill 2025 (the Bill) amends the Telecommunications (Consumer Protection and Service Standards) Act 1999 to establish a Triple Zero Custodian in legislation. This paper sets out the purpose of the Bill, the background of recent Optus outages, policy positions, and key issues and provisions.

This policy brief examines the self-reported English language skills of nearly 2,400 humanitarian migrants in an Australian study over 10 years, from 2013–14 to 2023. The first part of the brief examines trends in four dimensions of English language skills. The second part investigates the understanding of spoken English in greater detail.

The European Union's (EU's) security and defence partnerships (SDP) are non-legally binding documents that provide ‘mutually beneficial frameworks’ to promote defence and security cooperation between like-minded states. The idea of an Australia-EU defence pact was floated in May 2025. This paper outlines what is being proposed, strategic considerations and next steps.