The New Zealand Government asked the Productivity Commission (the Commission) to undertake an inquiry into economic inclusion and social mobility, with a focus on helping people experiencing persistent disadvantage.

As part of the Terms of Reference for this inquiry, the Commission was asked to:

• generate new insights about the dynamics and drivers of persistent disadvantage, and the incidence and impacts across different population groups, including social and economic factors
• help raise public awareness and understanding of trends in economic inclusion and social mobility (with a focus on persistent disadvantage) in Aotearoa New Zealand.

This report is intended to respond to these parts of the Terms of Reference. It also provides evidence to support recommendations for breaking the cycle of persistent disadvantage, so all New Zealanders can enhance their mana and wellbeing and live better lives.