This report presents findings from data collected through the Reality Now program, a long-term study exploring tobacco and vaping behaviours among Australian secondary school students. Using a social norms approach (SNA), the program aimed to identify and correct misperceptions about peer substance use and promote healthier behaviours. 

The findings show that while actual tobacco and vape use remain low, students consistently overestimate how many of their peers engage in these behaviours. These inflated perceptions can influence decision-making and increase risk-taking. When students realise that the majority of their peers are making healthy choices, they are more likely to follow suit. 

This report explores how the misperceptions evolve, the impact of attitudinal shifts across year levels, and the effect of demographics on attitudes and behaviour. Considerations from the findings for teachers, students and parents/carers are provided.