This report presents updated findings from the first and second research visit to adjacent communities Pipalyatjara and Kalka in South Australia's (SA's) Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands. It describes changes in First Nations digital inclusion over two years, outlining the state and usage of communications and media services from 2024 to 2025.  

The report is intended to assist local agencies, leaders and residents to better understand the barriers to digital inclusion, develop local strategies to address these barriers, and support planning and partnerships with government and industry stakeholders.  

Key findings

• In Pipalyatjara, a new outdoor-only National Broadband Network (NBN) community-wide Wi-Fi mesh network has been welcomed, with 800GB of data used by over 300 devices monthly.
• Nearby Kalka experienced little to no connectivity during both visits, with a small cell mobile tower finally switched on in May 2025.
• Households are paying more on pre-paid mobile, Sky Muster and Starlink in both communities, from a monthly average of $167 in 2024 to $274 in 2025.