The report provides a comprehensive review of global energy policy changes in 2025, tracking more than 6,500 policy measures across 84 countries. The report highlights changes in more than 200 areas of energy policymaking, including government spending, emergency stockholding, energy access, energy regulation and climate pledges.

The report emphasises that the current energy crisis, driven by the conflict in the Middle East, could trigger a new dynamic phase of policymaking, with similarities to the responses seen during the oil crises of the 1970s. It notes that the 2022 energy crisis linked to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine offers important lessons for governments on short-term measures to shield consumers from the effect of crises. 

Key findings

• Government spending on energy has more than doubled since 2019.
• The bulk of public spending has been directed towards longer-term investments in energy infrastructure, advanced manufacturing, renewable energy, energy efficiency and incentives for fuel switching.
• Governments are increasingly focused on addressing new forms of risk, particularly in the concentration of critical minerals and energy technology supply chains. 
• While 15 countries have strengthened efficiency standards, a broader wave of regulatory rollbacks and delays, particularly for road transport, has slowed the pace of expected efficiency improvements. 

The report is provided with interactive websites: Global energy policies hub and Climate pledges explorer.