This paper summarises the current crisis in the new nation of South Sudan, the historical background, and Australia's role.

Executive summary

• In mid-December 2013, the newly formed country of South Sudan erupted into violence, creating a significant humanitarian crisis.
• Violence spread rapidly across the country, mainly along ethnic lines, and thousands were killed.
• The United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) came under attack with two Indian peacekeepers killed.
• The UN Security Council adopted a resolution on 24 December 2013 to significantly increase the military and police contribution to UNMISS.
• Australia contributes military and police personnel to UNMISS and recently provided additional support through strategic airlift operations.
• Despite a peace agreement being reached on 23 January 2014, which included terms for a ceasefire, the violence continues.
• Since the crisis started, 709,000 people have been internally displaced and 249,000 have sought refuge in neighbouring countries.
• Peace negotiations backed by the UN and the African Union are ongoing, but are yet to produce a sustainable solution to the crisis.