This study was commissioned by the partners to the Council of Australian Governments' Indigenous Communities Coordination Pilot trial focused on the Thamarrurr region. The study addresses the issue of how and whether current social and economic conditions in remote regions can be quantified for the purpose of establishing a baseline against which the impacts of policies designed to improve them might be subsequently measured. The monograph covers background and conceptual issues; demography of the Thamarrurr region; the regional labour market; income from employment and welfare; education and training; housing and infrastructure; health status; regional involvement in the criminal justice system; and implications for regional planning.