The expansion of clean energy is uneven, moving at different speeds across regions, sectors and technologies. Effective international collaboration and well-targeted policies are critical enablers to drive innovation, stimulate investment and ensure level playing fields for countries and industries alike.

The Breakthrough Agenda assesses progress on international collaboration in six major emitting sectors – power, hydrogen, road transport, steel, cement and buildings. This report provides an assessment of progress on clean energy and updates recommendations for what more needs to be done.

Overall, the report finds that ‘moderate’ progress on international cooperation has been made within some of the sectors reviewed. Good progress has been observed in the hydrogen sector on developing standards and certifications and financing, and in the road transport sector on supply chains. But stronger international collaboration through coordinated research and development, adoption of harmonised standards, market creation, infrastructure deployment, financing and technical assistance is required in other sectors to accelerate the clean energy transition.