Foundation skills, which are essential competencies in language, literacy, numeracy, digital and employability skills, underpin social inclusion, workforce participation and productivity. Foundation skills have long been a key priority in the Australian vocational education and training (VET) sector to enhance participation and outcomes in VET programs.

This research explored the relationship between foundation skill learners’ characteristics and outcomes, and how foundation skills programs contribute to learners’ VET outcomes, employment and further study. 

Through an analysis of individual student pathways, the research examined the student and program characteristics indicative of completing a foundation skills program, as well as how non-foundation skills VET program outcomes were impacted by undertaking foundation skills training before and/or during the VET program. 

Students enrolled in foundation skills alongside another VET program were more likely to complete their VET program, and foundation skills study alongside a VET program enrolment led to higher job attainment.