The purpose of this brief is to summarize the findings of an investigation into the effectiveness of policy interventions aimed at addressing the illegal and unsustainable trade in wildlife and wildlife products. Such interventions include (but are not limited to): legislative and enforcement measures; measures to influence consumer behaviour; trade policy responses; and engagement of local communities.

The scope of analysis includes both domestic and international wildlife trading activities but is limited to those that are officially designated as illegal in one or more jurisdictions.

Where possible, the analysis refers to direct empirical evidence; however, given that such evidence remains quite limited for this topic, it also draws upon a broader evidence base, including widely accepted insights from theoretical work.