Australia’s transition to renewable energy will reshape daily life, local communities and the national economy. This report examines how the shift to net zero may create or intensify vulnerabilities, identifies where the evidence is lacking, and outlines the research priorities needed to guide equitable, evidence-based policy. Without a clear understanding of vulnerability, governments risk overlooking the people and places most affected – and missing opportunities to design a fair, inclusive transition.

By mapping core gaps and opportunities and highlighting the social dimensions of the transition, the report provides a foundation for targeted research, stronger policy design and more inclusive planning. It offers a pathway toward a transition where impacts are understood, harm is prevented, and all Australians have the opportunity to participate in and benefit from change.

The report responds to the following questions:

• Who is most at risk of harm during the transition, and in what contexts?
• Where are the critical knowledge gaps in Australia’s understanding of vulnerability?
• How can existing research strengths be leveraged to better identify and respond to risks?
• What research priorities should guide Australia over the next five years?
• How can improved evidence support decisions that build resilience, agency and community trust?