Microplastics, forever chemicals and other contaminants comprise a diverse set of substances and particles. Attention in Australia has intensified on the possible human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), PFAS and related contaminants. This evidence brief provides an independent assessment of the current science, setting out what is known, what is indicated by emerging evidence, and what remains uncertain.

Key findings

• Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs, which are small polymer plastic particles) and chemical contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread across the environment, and in animal and human bodies.
• Exposure can often lead to bioaccumulation.
• Existing analytical techniques currently limit the ability to accurately measure the exact amounts of many smaller MNPs present in environments and bodies.
• There is currently insufficient evidence to say for certain that any level of exposure to MNPs, PFAS and other contaminants is safe – though this does not mean no safe level exists.
• However, these contaminants are being widely used across domestic, commercial and other everyday settings. 

The brief argues that uncertainty should not be a reason for inaction, and that precautionary policy responses are warranted now. It recommends a precautionary approach across four key areas:

1. building the evidence base
2. prioritising vulnerable populations
3. reviewing regulation
4. supporting public awareness and exposure reduction.