In this paper Talina Drabsch provides an overview of some of the key issues involving Indigenous Australians in NSW. Whilst there are many Indigenous cultures within Australia, this paper discusses issues that are generally a common experience for many Indigenous Australians, including health, education, employment, housing, violence, and criminal justice are discussed. This paper also considers the continuing impact of the child removal policies that resulted in the 'stolen generation', as well as the debate surrounding reconciliation, the expression of various human rights, including self-determination, and the possibility of a treaty. It does not discuss the topic of native title and land rights; although extremely important and intimately linked to the contents of this paper, the issue of land is a large subject and will be the topic of a forthcoming paper.