An enabling state is one that seeks to address stubborn inequalities of outcome and gives people and communities more control over the public services they receive to improve their own wellbeing.

Analysing the evidence from across the four UK jurisdictions and over 180 sources, this report provides a detailed review of participative, outcomes-based policy making since 2013 and details what each shift has entailed.

Our assessment found that no jurisdiction of the UK is delivering on all of these shifts, but that overall Scotland and Wales have seen more development over the past five years than England and Northern Ireland.