The Primary Health Network (PHN) program has the potential to make a significant positive difference in health outcomes for all Australians. PHN Discussion Paper #1 - Primary Health Network Critical Success Factors reflects on the lessons learnt from previous organised primary health care models in Australia, considers the factors that are essential for PHNs to create true public value, and identifies some key issues which PHNs and the Government need to address to ensure that PHNs are given every opportunity to succeed.