The 2017 case study formulates advice for health system reform to address disparities in health outcomes of Aboriginal people. Aboriginal leaders are clear. If better health outcomes are to be realised across the board, there must be an integrated, cross-discipline, cross-portfolio, and Aboriginal-led approach. This approach must take account of social, cultural, spiritual, economic and environmental determinants such as education, employment, safe housing, and culturally appropriate health practices and health promotion.

Four key areas for action emerged through consultation and research:

1. Increase the numbers of Aboriginal people trained for and placed in the health workforce, particularly in senior and health professional roles.
2. Expand culturally appropriate treatment to the entire health system, respecting Aboriginal people and drawing on their strength and endurance to support both individuals and communities to improve wellbeing.
3. Remove barriers to the reporting and recording of Aboriginal identification in the health system, both as staff and consumers.
4. Reduce and remove perceived and real institutional racism towards Aboriginal people within the health system through workplace audits, consumer feedback, safety and quality standards and personalised healthcare plans and by ensuring Aboriginal health consumers know their rights.