This expert commentary has been commissioned by the Australian Commonwealth government agency and the Sax Institute to contribute to a series of consultation and discussion papers on its future vision for the Australian Healthcare system. The report is structured to respond to specific questions posed by the Commission in the commissioning brief. In the report, each question is addressed from the perspective of two broad approaches found in the literature

1. 'systems thinking approaches’ in applied analyses of healthcare, and
2. ‘complex adaptive systems theory’ as a global theory to understand health care.

The authors use the term systems thinking approaches to refer to a broad set of perspectives, methods and approaches developed in diverse areas of science, organisational management and engineering which are increasingly being applied in health policy and planning. Health interventions are one of the priority areas for systems thinking analysis. Systems thinking can inform health policy and program assessment and planning.

The report answers the following questions

1. How does the concept of a complex adaptive system apply to the Australian healthcare system?
2. In considering the Australian healthcare system as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS), what agents exist at a macro, meso, micro and nano level and what are the relationships between them?
3. In considering the Australian healthcare system as a complex adaptive system, where do consumers fit and what are their relationships with other agents within the system?
4. How can an understanding of the Australian healthcare system as a complex adaptive system accommodate or support adoption of person-centred care?