This interjurisdictional report critically examines the provision of distance education for First Nations students in ‘remote’ Australia, highlighting systemic barriers, cultural mismatches and opportunities for reform. Drawing on historical analysis, international comparisons and mixed-method research, it reveals how distance education models, founded in settler-colonial pedagogies and reliant on digital infrastructure, often fail to meet First Nations learners’ needs. 

Key challenges include inadequate Information and Communications Technology (ICT) access, lack of culturally relevant curriculum, limited family and community engagement, and policy frameworks prioritising boarding or centralised schooling over local solutions. 

The report advocates for a place-based approach grounded in First Nations knowledge systems, languages and governance structures. It details the progress of four On Country Distance Education case studies: two from the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands (Pukatja and Fregon/Mimili) and two from the Northern Territory (Maningrida and Galiwin’ku including surrounding Homelands). Based on these case studies, the authors propose a hub-and-spoke delivery model supported by reliable infrastructure, local workforce development and community-led monitoring. 

International case studies from Canada, Aotearoa and Sápmi underscore the importance of culturally responsive, community-controlled education. Recommendations focus on co-designing curricula, investing in infrastructure, building local capacity and securing sustainable funding to ensure equitable, culturally safe education for First Nations students. 

Ultimately, this report calls for systemic transformation toward models that uphold First Nations sovereignty, promote educational equity and strengthen cultural continuity. While respondents described distance education in ‘remote’ First Nations contexts as “like oil and water,” this report argues a way forward is possible – but only through a nuanced, culturally grounded approach.